====== The Underground Railroad in Boone County ======
=====Escape Locations & Key Players=====
**Richwood area: Margaret Garner Escape Attempt**
[[margaret garner|Margaret Garner]], along with her family, escaped across the frozen Ohio into Cincinnati in January [[1856]]. Some of the group made it to Canada, but the Garner family was caught in Cincinnati. At the time of capture, Margaret killed her youngest child and appeared to attempt to kill the other children. A lengthy trial ensued to determine if Margaret would be tried for murder by the free state of Ohio or returned to Kentucky under the laws of the federal Fugitive Slave Act. Prior to her escape, Margaret was held by the [[gaines_family|Gaines Family]] of Maplewood Farm in Richwood and was a member of [[richwood_presbyterian_church|Richwood Presbyterian Church]].
**Big Bone: Dr. Thomas Trundle**
Dr. Thomas Trundle was born in Bourbon County and moved to Boone County in the [[1820s]]. He purchased land in the [[big_bone|Big Bone]] and Mudlick areas. Trundle frequently bartered with patients for his medical services, and provided loans through mortgage for many local landowners. As a result, conflict arose between Trundle and the many people who owed him money. He married Martha (Utz) Black in [[1852]]. Martha had been a battered wife previously and was a neighbor of Trundle. Trundle was arrested in [[1853]] for “enticement of slaves”. Fearing for his life, he asked for and received a change of venue to Kenton County, where he died of mysterious causes on the morning of his trial. Conflicting news reports claimed Trundle was either an abolitionist or "slave stealer" who sold enslaved people south for financial gain.
**Rabbit Hash & Rising Sun**
* **[[laura_smith_haviland|Laura Smith Haviland]]:** A well-known anti-slavery activist and daughter of Quaker parents, she founded the Raisin Institute in Michigan with her husband. In [[1847]], she attempted to extract John “Felix” White’s wife and children from the Stephens’ farm in [[rabbit_hash|Rabbit Hash]]/[[east_bend|East Bend]] area.
* **[[john_felix_white|John “Felix” White]]:** Escaped from George W. Brasher in [[1844]] and attended Haviland’s Raisin Institute in Michigan. After Haviland’s aborted attempts to extract his wife Jane and their children, White attempted to extract the family himself and they were captured by slavehunter Wright Ray.
* **Rising Sun, Indiana:** A river town established in [[1814]], it was a well-known crossing point for Underground Railroad. The town was also the home of two key African American conductors: [[barkshire_and_edgerton_families|Samuel Barkshire and Joseph Edrington]].
* **Universalist Church:** Congregations located on East Bend Road in Boone County, Rising Sun, Indiana and Patriot Indiana. Universalists were staunch abolitionists who established antislavery doctrine by [[1840’s]].
**Petersburg, KY**
* **George W. Brasher:** In addition to being a wealthy landowner and state legislator, Brasher was a notorious enslaver who hunted freedom seekers and sold enslaved people for profit. He owned several town lots in [[Petersburg]], all near the public landing. Some of the lots may have been used as holding “pens” for the enslaved people he intended to sell in the southern market. Brasher was involved in Kentucky raids in Cass County, Michigan and aggressively pursued freedom seekers.
* **[[elijah_anderson|Elijah Anderson]]:** Anderson was a Virginia-born free African American, blacksmith by trade, active agent and conductor on the UGRR. He was known for helping enslaved people escape in great number. Anderson arrived in Cincinnati in the [[1830s]], moved to Madison, IN in [[1835]], then to Lawrenceburg. It is suspected that hundreds of enslaved people held in Boone County found freedom with his help. Arrested in [[1856]], Anderson died of suspicious circumstances in a Kentucky penitentiary in [[1861]], on the day he was due for early release.
* **Cincinnati 28:** the story of 28 freedom seekers enslaved by Boone County’s Parker and Terrill families, who escaped through the Cincinnati area to Canada in [[1853]]. They crowded into three skiffs to cross the Ohio, with one of the boats sinking along the way. They were assisted by the following key people:
- //Washington Parker//: One of the freedom seekers, who was a leader within the group, who reportedly read Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, and was inspired to action.
- //John Fairfield//: A daring agent/conductor from a Virginia family who held enslaved people, known for his risky (but effective) methods.
- //Deacon John Hatfield//: A free African American agent in Cincinnati, who came up with a plan to stage a mock funeral procession toward integrated Wesleyan Cemetery.
- //Levi Coffin//: Known as the “Superintendent of the Underground Railroad” in Cincinnati, who helped provide dry clothing, and food He also organized a route for the group.
**North Bend, KY**
* **Mat Bates:** African American man, formerly enslaved, who lived with his family in the [[North Bend]] area of Boone County in the [[1850s]]. Bates was accused of helping freedom seekers escape local enslavers.
* **Almeda Phillips:** Formerly enslaved Boone County woman who lived and worked at the home of John Cleves Short in Addyston, Ohio.
* **Jones vs. Van Zandt Supreme Court Case:** Boone County enslaver, Wharton Jones sued John Van Zandt for helping in the [[1847]] escape of nine freedom seekers. Van Zandt was an abolitionist and conductor on the UGRR. The case ruled in favor of Jones, citing the constitutionality of the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act.
* **Ed Moxley Narrative:** Moxley was one of several freedom seekers who fled Boone County through North Bend in [[1837]]. In an interview conducted in Canada, in [[1895]], Moxley gave his account of his escape from the Hamilton family of Boone County, KY.
* [[anderson_ferry|Anderson Ferry]]
* [[https://bcp.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/search/asset/31736/0|Boone County Escape Map & Enslaved Activity Locations]]
===== More Information =====
* [[http://freedomcenter.org/|National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]]
* [[https://bcp.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/search/asset/30905/0|2014 BCPL Underground Railroad Bus Tour Brochure]]
===== Related Topics =====
* [[researching_the_underground_railroad|Researching the Underground Railroad]]
* [[the_underground_railroad:boone_county_and_the_flight_to_freedom_teacher_workshop_curriculum|2017 Network to Freedom Grant Project]]
* [[the_underground_railroad_in_boone_county_teacher_kit|The Underground Railroad in Boone County: Teacher Kit]]
* [[african-americans|African Americans in Boone County]]
* [[abolitionists_in_the_ohio_valley|Abolitionists in the Ohio Valley]]
* [[margaret_garner|Margaret Garner]]
* [[slavery|Slavery]]
* [[wills_of_slave_owners|Wills of Enslavers in Boone County]]
===== Related Websites =====
* [[https://omekas.bcplhistory.org/s/borderlands/page/UGRR| Boone County's Underground Railroad]]
* [[https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/index.htm| The National Park Service Network To Freedom]]
* [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro098J9dHbw&feature=youtu.be|Descendant of an area freedom seeker tells the story of his grandfather's escape to Canada]]