====== Violence against African Americans in Boone County ======

==== Post-Civil War Violence ====

[[1867]] Report of the Freedmen's Bureau contained the following incidents:


  * In December, [[1865]],   Bishop had brought a habeus corpus suit against two slaveholders in Boone County who still held his family as slaves.

  * [[1866]], Jordan Finney was attacked and driven off his Boone County property, his furniture and house destroyed; his two daughters were also forced out of the county and told never to return, because they were married to Union soldiers.
 
  * [[1866]], William and Eliza [[Sleet_AA|Sleet]] and James and Mary Alexander were "beaten in a most cruel and inhuman manner," their property destroyed and their lives threatened if they tried to return back home. The Sleet family lived in Verona in [[1870]], and James and Mary Alexander lived in Mason County in 1870. 

  * [[1866]], Carter Utz was badly hurt in the same attack as the Sleet and Alexander families. According to the report, his body was "cut with gashes six inches in length, which were filled with salt."  Carter Utz and family were living in Burlington in [[1870]].  Utz, William Sleet and James Alexander were all veterans of the Union Army. 


  * [[1866]], Simon Adams, 18,  a returning soldier born in Boone County who fought in the 100th Infantry, U. S. Colored Troops, was taken from his home in Florence by Benjamin Norman and three other unnamed men.  They took Adams to the nearby woods, beat him severely and threatened to kill him if he did not leave the county. Adams filed a complaint with the Freedmen's Bureau.  He was living in Rising Sun, Indiana in 1870, then moved to Ohio. 

  * [[1867]], Amanda Bishop, who was formerly enslaved in Boone County, was taken from her place of employment in Covington and beaten with a club, because "she worked for a Union man and refused to work for the Rebel who beat her."  Amanda's father, Henry Bishop, previously had sued for the freedom of his family.  


==== Lynchings ====

  * June [[1876]]: Smith Williams was taken from the [[burlington|Burlington]] Jail and lynched. An incident (near [[anderson_ferry|Anderson Ferry]]) between Williams and a young white man named Fred Wahl led to Wahl being shot by Williams. Wahl died of his wounds three days after the incident. In 1870, 27 year old Williams was living in Covington with his wife, Melinda. He was working as a day laborer.

  * July 1876: Joe Payne was accused of assaulting a daughter of Jacob Scott outside of [[Union]] and on the way to the [[Burlington]] Jail, he was pulled from the wagon  by a mob and shot. Payne's body was left on the Gunpowder Creek near Pleasant Valley Road, where it was later found. The mob was never identified.

  * March [[1877]]: Parker Mayo was accused of attempted assault on the daughter of a railroad worker named William Murray who lived near [[Walton]], while she was home alone. He was also accused of attacking a nearby unnamed farmer's wife the following day.  His body was found hanged from a tree outside town. 

  * September [[1879]]: Theodore Daniels, 25, in [[Union]] was hanged and then shot. He was accused of and confessed to attempted assault on Miss Georgia Billeter.

  * January 14, [[1880]]: Charles Smith, 23 years old, was accused of arson and lynched at [[gaines_tavern|Gaines Tavern]] near [[walton|Walton]]. //The Daily Commonwealth//, a local newpaper, reported on January 16th, that two Covington physicians traveled to Walton and retrieved Smith's remains from the base of the tree where he was hanged. Mr. Smith was taken to the Ohio Medical College in Cincinnati. In [[1870]], he was living in the Carlton area, now known as [[rabbit_hash|Rabbit Hash]] with siblings Elizabeth and Lafayette.

  * May 4, [[1884]]: //The Daily Commonwealth// reported that Charles Dickerson, confessed thief, was forcibly taken from the [[burlington|Burlington]] Jail and hung from a maple tree one mile east of Burlington. According to the [[1880]] Census, 12 year old Dickerson was living in Grant County with a young African American family named Lewis. If the Census is accurate, Dickerson was 16 years old at the time of the lynching.

  * September 11, [[1885]]: William Scales, 29, was forcibly taken from the Burlington jail at three AM by an angry, drunken mob. Scales had been charged with the rape of the young daughter of Mr. Lunsford; he had plead not  guilty  and was awaiting trial.  Scales's bullet-riddled body was found hanging from a tree "about halfway between Burlington and Florence," according to news reports.

=====More Information===== 
  * //[[https://bcp.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/search/asset/24845/0|African American Ancestry: Boone County, Kentucky]]//

=====Related Topics=====
  * [[African-Americans|African Americans in Boone County]]
 
====Related Websites====
  * [[https://museumandmemorial.eji.org/memorial|The National Memorial for Peace and Justice]]
  * [[http://www.freedmensbureau.com/|Freedmen's Bureau]]